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Did any of these studies follow these impacts into adulthood?

Because Gregory Clark's work suggests that no, it probably doesn't matter all that much.

https://faculty.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/

You should enroll your kids in stuff for its own sake, to give them pleasure, not because you think their IQ will permanently increase a few points in a way that will give them an edge over other kids (a gross way to approach society, or to view children who are not yours: as competitors to be sped by on the road of life)

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Hi Kathleen! Thanks for reading the piece and sharing your reactions! A lot of great evaluations of child development interventions now have indeed followed kids into adulthood and found big impacts -- often far bigger than you might have guessed from the short-term impacts on things like test scores. I think Greg Clark's work is interesting but misleading. You should check out my book The Parent Trap if you're interested in learning more about this perspective.

I don't argue for the "gross way" to approach society you describe here. I try to make clear in the piece that these ancillary impacts on cognitive and social skills can be construed as a kind of bonus over the direct enjoy-your-life benefits of doing fun stuff with good teachers and peers. In my book I describe the concern you're raising as a "myth of zero-sum parenting" and I try to convince people it's false based on evidence that helping other people's kids will primarily help your own kids because we all live in a shared society with a shared tax base and shared capacity for innovation and military security whether we like it or not.

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And more directly yes, the piece I cite here at greatest length -- a study evaluating an intervention in Montreal -- does follow kids into adulthood to measure impacts on their adult income. I chose to highlight that study because it is a randomized controlled trial AND it follows kids into adulthood.

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